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Samuel Benjamin "Sam" Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist. Harris is the co-founder and chief executive of Project Reason, a non-profit organization that promotes science and secularism, and host of the podcast: ''Waking Up with Sam Harris''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Sam Harris )〕 As an author, he wrote the book ''The End of Faith'', which was published in 2004 and appeared on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list for 33 weeks. The book also won the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction in 2005.〔Segal, David (October 26, 2006). ("Atheist Evangelist" ). ''The Washington Post''.〕 In 2006, Harris published the book ''Letter to a Christian Nation'' as a response to criticism of ''The End of Faith''. This work was followed by ''The Moral Landscape'', published in 2010, in which Harris argues that science can help answer moral problems and can aid the facilitation of human well-being.〔Don, Katherine (October 17, 2010). ("'The Moral Landscape': Why science should shape morality." ) Salon.〕 He subsequently published a long-form essay ''Lying'' in 2011, the short book ''Free Will'' in 2012, ''Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion'' in 2014 and ''Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue'' in 2015. Harris is a critic of religion and proponent of scientific skepticism and the "New Atheism". He is also an advocate for the separation of church and state, freedom of religion, and the liberty to criticize religion.〔 Some commentators have claimed Harris's writings encourage aggression towards and intolerance of Muslims, while others have praised his criticism as unapologetically direct and long overdue.〔Isquith, Elias (October 10, 2014). ("EXCLUSIVE: Reza Aslan on Bill Maher’s anti-Islam crusade: 'Frank bigotry'" ). Salon.〕 Some critics have accused Harris of Islamophobia. Harris and others have said the term is misused and that such labeling is an attempt to silence criticism.〔Taylor, Jerome (April 12, 2013). ("Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash" ). ''The Independent''.〕 Harris has written articles for ''The Huffington Post'', ''Los Angeles Times'', ''The Washington Post'', ''The New York Times'', ''Newsweek'', and the scientific journal ''Nature''. His articles touch upon a diversity of topics including religion, morality, neuroscience, free will, terrorism, and self-defense.〔Harris, Sam (November 5, 2011 ). ("The Truth about Violence: 3 Principles of Self-Defense" ). Sam Harris.〕 He regularly gives talks around the United States and Great Britain, including a speech at TED, where he outlined the arguments made in his book ''The Moral Landscape''.〔Harris, Sam (2010). ("Science can answer moral questions." ) TED. February 2010.〕 Harris has also made numerous television appearances, including interviews for ''Nightline'', ''Real Time with Bill Maher'', ''The O'Reilly Factor'', ''The Daily Show'', ''The Colbert Report'', and ''The Last Word'', among others. He has also appeared in the documentary films ''The God Who Wasn't There'' (2005) and ''The Unbelievers'' (2013). ==Early life and education== Harris was born on April 9, 1967 in Los Angeles.〔''Current Biography'', January 2012, Vol. 73 Issue 1, p37〕 He is the son of actor Berkeley Harris and TV producer Susan Harris, who created ''The Golden Girls''. His father came from a Quaker background and his mother is Jewish.〔Samuels, David. May 29, 2012. (Q&A: Sam Harris ). ''Tablet''. Retrieved: 6 October 2014.〕 Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular, and his parents rarely discussed religion, though it was always a subject that interested him.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Does God Exist? )〕 In 1986, as a young student at Stanford University, Harris experimented with the drug ecstasy, and has since written and spoken about the powerful insights he felt psychologically under the drug's influence.〔("Sam Harris." ) (2008). ''The Science Studio''. Science Network. October 3, 2008. (Transcript. )〕 Harris became interested in spiritual and philosophical questions when he studied at Stanford University. He was fascinated by the idea that he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs.〔 Leaving Stanford in his second year, he went to India, where he studied meditation with Hindu and Buddhist religious teachers,〔Segal, David (October 26, 2006). ("Atheist Evangelist" ) .''The Washington Post''.〕 including Dilgo Khyentse. Eleven years later, in 1997, he returned to Stanford, completing a B.A. degree in philosophy in 2000.〔 Harris began writing his first book, ''The End of Faith'', immediately after the September 11 attacks.〔 He received a Ph.D. degree in cognitive neuroscience in 2009 from the University of California, Los Angeles,〔 using functional magnetic resonance imaging to conduct research into the neural basis of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.〔〔 His thesis was titled "The moral landscape: How science could determine human values", and his advisor was Mark S. Cohen. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sam Harris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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